Case Study Finance Investment Marketing Essay

Case Study Finance Investment Marketing EssayThe alliance we chose for this assignment is Toys R Us. The purposes of doing this assignment ar fulfil the requirement of the subject ABDT3273 Marketing and more understandings in Marketing. Our assignment included the Toys R Us background, section, targeting and positioning, commercialiseing mix strategy, recommendations. Our group members included five members which be Teoh Wen Dee, Tan Si Min, Lim Yong Rou, Michelle Lim Mei Chern and Lim Yee Theng.Toys R Us is the biggest range of hot romances and holiday gifts retailer in Malaysia. The harvest-homes interchange in Toys R Us included direction toys, dolls, model cars and so on. In other words, Toys R Us is a comfortable place for children and it is likewise childrens paradise. In this shop, children scum bag take out out and gain their knowledge while playing with the toys. R in the Toys R Us instance four diametric words which argon rapid, real, reliable and responsibl e. In other words, they pull up stakes best serve their nodes, employees, sh beholders, communities and kids with the meaning of the R.During the completion of this assignment, we managed to build up strong relationship between our group members and we had learnt how to prepare a tight-laced report of a company. Due to the cooperation carried out by each member in our group, we able to finish this assignment on time.Company Profile primer of Toys R UsToys R Us is a toy store chain headquartered in Wayne, New Jersey, United States. The chain also has topical anestheticization of functions in Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Canada. The company before farsighted operates 840 stores in the United States and 716 stores in 34 other countries, with any(prenominal) of them under franchises or licenses. The flagship store in New York Citys Times Square is the largest toy store in the world, featuring a colorful Ferris wheel. It is the largest toy-centered retailer and the second l argest overall toy retailer in the United States.History of the companyFounder Charles Lazarus know in the companys early days that success in the toy business meant foc exploitation on the everyday shopper, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a parent probing for the perfect birthday gift or a child is hoping to spend their weekly allowance on a much coveted toy. Today, Toys R Us embodies those same ideals by foc utilize on a memorable shopping experience for customers through classic, in-demand and exclusive merchandise, unique feature shops, a knowledgeable and toy-trained sales staff and by providing massive values every day.Charles initially started Childrens Supermart, which would later evolve into the modern day Toys R Us in Washington, DC during the post-war thwart boom era in 1948 as a baby furniture retailer. Its first location was at 2461 18th St, NW, where the nightclub, Madams Organ Blues Bar is currently located. Lazarus began receiving requests from customers for ba by toys. After adding baby toys, he got requests for more mature toys. Eventually, the focus of the store changed in 1957 and Toys R Us as it is known today was innate(p) in Rockville, Maryland. Toys R Us was acquired in 1966 by Interstate Stores, owner of the White Front and Topps Department Stores as well as Childrens Bargain town USA, a sister toy store chain to Toys R Us in the Ameri preempt Midwest which would later be rebranded as part of the Toys R Us chain.Li Fung Retailing became a licensee of Toys R Us and acquired 100% ownership of Toys Li Fung (Asia) Ltd in 2002, for the business in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, The Philippines and Macau with provisions for entry into unseasoned geographic markets including other South East Asian countries. Until today, there are 131 stores in 8 Asian markets, 22 stores in Malaysia.Nature of BusinessToys R Us is provide a place for children and adults to cloud their favorite toys. Their products i s not only for play or cheer, they are also selling some toys can be educated. In addition, they are selling some outdoor Toys which is camp tent, it provide a family go to outdoor for natural experience. similarly, baby also can undercoat their related product such as diapers, milk bottle.VisionTo be the dominant toy and educational toy retailer for children in Asia crack the right products, at the right harm, at the right place, at the right time in a pleasurable and convenient shopping environment.MissionTo facts of life and develop the means competence of the Toys R Us retailing chain for the benefit of our stakeholders (customers, shareholders, and employees).OperationsAs of mid-Feb, 2011, Toys Li Fung (Asia) Ltd operates 131 stores in 8 Asian markets. In Malaysia, there are 7 main stores, 11 Toys R Us Express stores and 4 Toy Box.Toys R Us stores are located in 6 states in Malaysia where each state have at least one store operated which is Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Johor, Pahang and Terengganu and Sarawak,StateShopping MallPenangGurney Plaza, Queensbay Mall, Sunway CarnivalKuala LumpurIkano Power Centre, mavin Utama Shopping Centre, Tropicana Mall, Mid Valley Meagamall, Pavillion, Bangsar Village, Hartamas Shopping Centre, Alamanda, Suria KLCC, Great Eastern Mall, IOI Mall, Empire Shopping GalleryJohorTebrau CityPahangEast Coast MallTerengganuMesra MallSarawak1 Borneo HyperMall, Miri, Hills Shopping Mall, KuchingToys R Us. IncChairman and Chief decision seducer OfficerGerald L. StorchExecutive Vice President, Human Resources Dan CaspersenExecutive Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary David J. SchwartzExecutive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer Deborah DerbyExecutive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Clay CreaseyOceaniaAsia (Li Fung Group)North AmericaEurope triplet LimitedToys (Labuan) Holding Limited CEO Peter SchatsConvenience Retail Asia LimitedLi Fung LimitedMalaysiaSingaporeHong Kongformer(a)sToys Li Fung (M) Sdn. Bhd. Country Manager chirp ChuaThe Organizational Chart of Toys R Us in MalaysiaCountry ManagerAccount ManagerLogistic ManagerSales and Merchandising ManagerOther Department ManagerBranch Manager(3 in Penang, 12 in Kuala Lumpur, 1in Johor, 1 in Pahang, 1 in Terengganu, and 4 in Sarawak)SupervisorsRetail/ agent and Royalty Card Recruiters and OthersManagement Structure of Toys R Us in MalaysiaCorporate Social Responsibilities calorifacient Wheels Celebrity Drive for Charity Challenge suit in 2010.Malaysias first F1 driver Alex Yoong put his considerable skills to the test as he took to the Hot Wheels track racing against the clock and three other preteen drivers from the radio beacon Children Welfare Home Association. Alex Yoong clocked in a time of 2.5 seconds with his silver Hot Wheels no.11 Mustang, but was beat by a young Hot Wheels driver, Micheal, from the beacon Welfare Home Association who led the pack with a remarkable time of 2.3 seconds. From the 19th to the 28 th March, any Hot Wheels enthusiast that partakes in the Hot Wheels Race World Challenge and manages to beat Alex Yoongs time of 2.5 seconds, a toy give be donated towards the Childrens Home of promise (under the National Cancer Society of Malaysia) and the Lighthouse Children Welfare Home Association.Buy a Toys R Us shopping bag and help a charity.RM1 from each purchase result be donated to charity.Toys R Us gives RM10, 000 to triad Childrens HomeToys R Us (Malaysia) donated RM10, 000 to Trinity Childrens Home, Petaling Jaya, at the opening of a new store at Empire Shopping Gallery, Subang Jaya in June 2010.EventDescriptionHot Wheels Celebrity Drive for Charity Challenge event in 2010A toy will be donated towards the Childrens Home of Hope (under the National Cancer Society of Malaysia) and the Lighthouse Children Welfare Home Association once any Hot Wheels enthusiast that manages to beat Alex Yoong.Buy a Toys R Us shopping bag and help a charity.RM1 from each purchase will be donated to charityToys R Us gives RM10, 000 to Trinity Childrens HomeRM10,000 donated to Trinity Childrens Home, Petaling Jaya.Future PlanToys R Us retailing is given to Li Fung (Asia) Ltd who have a series of plan in Asia to develop a core competence of the Toys R Us retailing.Consumer marketThey have planned to open more and more Toys R Us branches in Malaysia. This will benefit the stakeholders. For consumer, they will be more convenient to buy toys for their children. Toys R Us also provides some educational toys. So that children are not only playing toys for fun but at the same time they are gaining extra knowledge. Besides, company will put out more safety toys to children and parents which save the rules and regulations. Consequently, parents wont worry or so the toys are dangerous or harming their children while the children feel happy playing with their toys.Furthermore, company will lead employees to another level which is in line with the 2010 fillip Plan of Toys R Us Ltd. They will arrange some courses or trainings to employee. Through the courses and trainings, employees can improve their knowledge and skills. This would be benefited to the employees and company. Company will be operated effectively and efficiently as the employees are capable and trained. On the other hand, employees will get laster salary and their ability is improved. In addition, company possesses employees of great ability to produce fun and better toys to children. Consumer will not be worry about the safety issues and enjoy consuming our products.They are intended to make Toys R Us as the retailer of dominant toys and educational toys in Malaysia as well. The company wants to offer a right product and right toll to consumers. Moreover, they also want to maximizing wealth of shareholders to fill them. It will be benefited some(prenominal) sides which are consumers can get right product and right price and shareholders can maximize their wealth. The company will ach ieve a good reputation in toy industry. These are the future plans in Toys R Us in Malaysia.Segmentation, Targeting and PositioningSegmentation is dividing a market into smaller segments with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors that might require separate marketing strategies or mixes. The segmentation make by Toys R Us is according to the demographic segmentation, which consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, sexuality, family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race, and nationality.Toys R Us is differentiated by the ages and gender of customers. Based on Population of Malaysia is 28.25 million which is including 27.2% is less than 15 eld old, 68.1% is 15 to 64 years old and the rest of 4.7% is more than 65 years old.Their product is selling to customers who are 15 to 64 years old. This is because the customers are more buying power to buy toys. They already have source of income to satisfy their wants. For example, teenag ers have received their pocket money from their parents they are saving to buy their toys for collection. Adults have salary from their works they will spend part of salary to fulfill their wants. Besides that, young parents also is including in 15 to 64 years old. They are young and modern, so that they will be buy more toys for their children, the education toys also is popular for them, they hope their children can get knowledge through playing toys.Targeting is the second stage of the segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) process. After the market has been separated into its segments, the vender will select a segment or series of segments and target it. Resources and effort will be targeted at the segment.Their targeting strategies is using differentiated (segmented) marketing which is targets some(prenominal) segments and designs separate offers for each. For example, Toys R Us is segmenting to a small group which is based on income, age and gender. Their products ta rget in toys collector who are more purchasing power to buy their toys. Besides that, toys collector is not miss out any opportunity to buy their favourite toys or limited edition. Compare to children, children is not enough power to influence their parents buy toys for them every moments. Parents only buy toys for them in special events such as birthday, Christmas. They are just a partly customers in Toys R Us.Positioning has come to mean the process by which the marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand or organization. Toys R Us is positioned as the worldwide authority on kids, families and fun.At Toys R Us, they believe that by being rapid, real, reliable and responsible, we will best serve our customers, employees, shareholders, communities and kids. Rapid, we believe that speed is a reflection of our burnish. Our team is focused and clear with common, user-friendly processes and solutions fast and urgent in decisio n-making an speed-to-market and quick in adapting to change. Real, our team is urgent, sincere, authentic, helpful to work with and confident. Reliable, being reliable means working as a team so everything can move faster. We are a company that is dependable and we produce what we promise. Responsible, we believe that honesty, integrity and compassion are the readyation upon which we work together and conduct our business. Keeping kids safe is a foot of the brand.Marketing MixFour Ps of Toys R UsMarketing mix is a composite of product, place, price, and promotion, also referred to as the 4Ps. Each of these elements is an important fixings in a companys marketing strategy. These four Ps are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that centre the four Ps on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a substantiating res ponse.The Toys R Us marketing mix is always being fine-tuned and thus is never static. Toys R Us is a for-profit organization that has implemented a winsome marketing mix within its marketing strategy.ProductsFirstly, the companys products, products is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption and that might satisfy a want or need of consumer.Types of consumer goods in Toys R Us is a shopping products, thats, it is bought less frequently and there is brand comparison on basis of price, quality and style. The dissemination bring which they are using is selective distribution, the outlets can easily found in the area. Besides that, the advertising and personal selling of their product is undertaken by both producer and reseller.Toys R Us is famous for their products quality, their product is in the performance product quality dimensions. For their product feature, the embody of the company is normally debase than others and creates a value to their customer and therefore, they always is the first choice of consumer. The branding and packaging are also the attracted part of their product. Toys R Us have a high recognition within consumer, consumer usually will choose the brand which is well-known that can help them to identifies the product quality and consistency. Besides that, a giraffe survey was introduced as Toys R Us mascot with the name of Geoffrey the Giraffe. In the packaging part, the product of Toys R Us is ensure the consumers safety. They will ensure that the products do not submit any harm for childrens health and safety and the instructions of using is provide for every single toys.Toys R Us was also introduced its own private brands such as Babies R Us. They introduced the exclusive line of baby essential-diapers, wipes, baby foods and toys. The product in the store is separated to six different zones. In Family and Fun zones, they provide the games which help parents to take interest in childr en, communicate, and spend time enjoying entertaining activities with them. For Educational zones, the children can learn the natural skill while having fun. In the Tween zones and outdoorsy and Sports zones, the toy is usually for the children above two years old and can let the children sharing the fun with their friends or with parents.Besides that, the item in Toys R Us is also designed to meet the specific needs of boys and girls such as Barbie Shop, The Auto World and etc. The consumer can easily found and injury the toys they need due to the cleverly designed of the store. For example, one entire section of shelves is fully devoted to dolls. The shelves in this section are painted pink with tiny flowers decorating them, and it can easily being seen and recognise by children. Doll clothes and doll accessories are also provided in the same section.PricePrice is the enumerate of the money charged for a product or service. It is the only element that produces the revenue whil e all other element is representing the cost.Toys R Us is using competition-based pricing which means that they are setting prices based on the enemys strategies, costs, prices and market offerings such as Parkson, Jusco and Tesco. When consumer compare based on their own judgement of a similar products value, Toys R Us always be consumer first choice. The cost of the company of Toys R Us is definitely lower due to their low cost of supply as they owning largest manufacturer, Hasbro and Martell, and hence they could able to satisfying the customer by the low price and create high customer value. For example, as a competitor for Toys R Us, Jusco also provide a high quality toys but the toys is limited and not as umpteen choice as Toys R Us. As for pricing, Toys R Us is much more lower than Jusco. For example, the price of the Battery Operated Rabbit at Toys R Us is only RM39.95 while for Jusco is RM49.90.The pricing allowance strategy of Toys R Us is seasonal pricing. They will ha ve a promotional during special event such as prepare holiday or festive season Christmas. And sometimes, they will temporary reduce the price to increase the short run sales by using promotional price valuation account strategies. With member card or the star card of Toys R Us, the member can purchase the item with low price while enjoying the rewards and benefits.Besides that, they are using market penetration pricing as their new product pricing strategies. They setting low initial price for their new product to urinate their sales quickly and increase their market share. For example, Toys R Us comes with the low price guarantee and they are request that if you find the same toys being sold elsewhere at a lower price, customer can just bring original receipt within 7 days and will lief refund the fight.PromotionPromotion is referring to the short term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. The promotion can be towards final buyers, retailers, c ustomers or the member of the sales force.Promotion of Toys R Us normally is during school holidays. This is because Christmas and New Year is in school holidays. Toys R Us will inform members through send email, post notice in their website or affable network (Facebook) and banner in front of their outlets for promotion.During the school holiday, children usually will spent their time by playing games and thus it is the right timing to had a promotion. And for the festive season such as Christmas, parents can buy their children a toys as a presents at a lower price. They also offer coupons and the gift certificates to those member and non-member which help them to attract new customer and persist in the current customer.Toys R Us having a personal selling towards their customer and allow them to interact with the consumer through face to face and enable them to access to customer needs and wants efficiently. For example, they provide more sales assistance to helps the customer to access the details of the item they needed.One of the strategy of Toys R Us to build the long term customer relationship is provide the membership to increase the customer value and satisfaction where members can purchase the item with member price which are more cheaper than the original price and now they are also offering Star Card which customer can enjoy a lots of rewards and benefits.Besides that, Toy R Us is offered a lots of services, such as, delivery service, free wrapping service and also exchange and refund service in which the item purchased can be exchanged or refunded within 14 days from date of purchase. arrayPlace or a distribution is where the product can be found, such as in physical stores and online purchase, it includes everything connected with getting the product from the place to the customer. A distribution channel is the route a product takes from the place it is made to the customer who is the end users.Toys R Us is consider as consider as selective dist ribution, that is, their outlets can being found by customer in a area. The type of distributing channel they are using is multichannel distributing whereby they set up two or more marketing channel to reach more customer segments. Besides that, Toys R Us which located in a shopping mall can let the customer found it easily and brought more convenience for customer which they do not need drive to a place only for seeking for toys. For example, in Penang, there are Toys R Us store in Queensbay Mall, Gurney Plaza and Sunway Carnival. There are 20 stores of Toys R Us in Malaysia 6 Main stores, 7 Toys R Us Express stores and 5 Toy Box.In addition, they are using the selling direct strategies where the product is selling direct to customer in their outlets without go through intermediaries. For example, Toys R Us are act as the franchise for Li Fung where the product are taking directly from them and selling to the customer.CustomersToys R Us (Producer)Agent (Li Fung Group)Toys R Us also has an online store, which provides customers the convenience of allowing them to make Internet purchase and purchase returns. Customer can also search the actual location of stores of Toys R Us through internet.RecommendationsOur group had investigated on marketing department of Toys R Us in Malaysia such as their company background, segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) and also marketing mix strategy (4Ps product, price, promotion and placement). So, we give some recommendations to Toys R Us company in Malaysia.Based on our research, the segmentation of the company is using demographic characteristic such as gender and age. We recommend it should add in local culture which is region of country. Since the company have franchises in difference countries, so they can sell some toys related to the cultures of the country. Toys R Us can produce some traditional toys such as congkak represent the culture of Malaysia. When foreigners come to toys R Us Malaysia, they can buy to ys as souvenirs for their friends or relatives.Furthermore, most of the toys sold in Toys R Us are based on Disney movies or cartoons such as Spiderman, Transformer, Toy Story and etc. They need to pay copyright fees or other administration fees to relevant departments before produce the toys. So the price of toys is relatively higher, so we recommend that the company can produce and design their own toys it will lead their cost to be lower and develop their own products. For example, they can produce more series of toys or relevant products such as Geoffrey and friends.Moreover, promotion of the Toys R Us is mostly during school holidays. It is because usually Christmas and New Year are in school holidays. They will send an email to each member place notice in social network (facebook) and banner in front of their outlets inform the public about their latest promotions. However, their promotion is not publicly known by everyone. This resulted losing potential customers. A smart con sumer will only buy things during promotions, so to get more customers in Toys R Us, we have put more effort in some special event. In line to that, we suggest promotions held by Toys R Us should be more actively run some event related with their products such as Logo competition, fashion show of Barbie doll.In conclusion, we recommend Toys R Us add in local culture for produce some toys represent Malaysia, produce more own toys and also conduct some special event for their company.Dont forget that your explanation or examples MUST BE in MALAYSIA context, as I saw some of it using US context.Format of the assignment, fonts size, tab..please double checkConclusionToys R Us is a company which sells toys to children all nearly the world. It provides many types of toys to parents to choose for their children. There are 22 stores in Malaysia which is in Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Johor, Terengganu, Pahang and Sarawak. Besides, Toys R Us is doing Corporate Social Responsibilities, for example , Buy a Toys R Us shopping bag and help a charity. In their future plan, they planned to open more branches in Malaysia.Toys R Us is using demographic segmentation for their business such as age. Toys R Us are focusing on the age of the children so that they can produce more toys according to the ages. Toys R Us is targeting parents who have purchasing power to buy toys for their children and those toys collectors. Toys R Us positioned as the Worldwide authority on kids, families and fun and there are many meaning about the letter R which is real, rapid, reliable and responsible.The marketing mix of Toys R Us is products, price, promotion and placement. Their product is a shopping product, their category different kind of toys. For example, Boys zone, Girls zone, family fun games, educational toys, tween zone, sport outdoor and Baby R Us. Price is based on competition-based pricing because customers more sensitive in price, they will compare price of product with different company . Most of their promotion is banner in front of outlets, send email to member, notice in website and social network. Place is Toys R us produce toys to agent, then agent is selling to final customer.Recommendation by us is produce some toys to add in local culture, produce more own toys represent Toys R Us and also conduct some special event for their company.Department of Statistic Malaysia , http//www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content calculate=articleid=54%3Apopulation-updated-31072009catid=35%3Akey-statisticsItemid=53lang=en,2010, Population,2 July, view 2 March 2011.Toys R Us, http//www.toysrusinc.com/about-us/, 1999, company info, view 25 February 2011.Marketing Teacher, http//www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-segmentation.html, 2010, segmentation, 28 February 2011.Toys R Us Malaysia, http//www.toysrus.com.my/inside/about.htm, company info, view 18 February 2011.

Leadership Styles Research Methodology

lead Styles Research MethodologyCHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter primarily outlines the boilers suit query ruleology. Detailed development of hypotheses, have procedure apply for this travel along and sources of data provide be described. Method that was used to collect data to run statistical analysis will be discussed win in this chapter.Hypotheses of StudyThe variables identified for this research argon leaders title, leading behavior and employees lineage satisfaction. Hypotheses below argon proposed for this studyH1a Transformational leadership has a significant determine on employees stemma satisfaction.H1b Transactional leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction.H2a adjunct leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction.H2b directive leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction.H2c Participative leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction.Research Framework The association among entirely the proposed variables can be described in a research cloth. Figure 3-1 illustrates the research model.Figure 3-1 The proposed research framework for influences of leadership on employees job satisfactionLeadership StyleTransformational LeadershipH1aTransactionalLeadershipH1bJob pleasureLeadership BehaviorH2aH2bSupportiveLeadershipH2cDirectiveLeadershipParticipative LeadershipMeasures of construct in the QuestionnaireThe survey questionnaire used in this research consists of four parts. Part A consists of the measurement items for leadership style which is further divided to two sections, transformational and transactional leadership. Part B of the questionnaire consists of the measurement items for leadership behavior and three subsections that is participative, supportive and directive leadership. In Part C, the section measures on employees job satisfaction. Finally in Part D, the respondents demographic data is collected on their age, gender, edu cation level, marital status, job position, and number of days of experience in the organization, years of establishment of respective organization, number of employees in organization and nature of the organization.The literature review has helped to provide a number of measurement items for leadership style, leadership behavior and job satisfaction in the questionnaire. Survey respondents were asked to state their level of agreement for all the six constructs discussed previously. The survey questionnaire has adopted the five-point Likert scale which ranges from 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) as indicated in circuit board 3-1. gameboard 3-1 Instrument used in the questionnaireStrongly disagree1Disagree2Neither agree nor disagree3 acquiesce4Strongly agree5The measurement items used to operationalize the constructs for the purpose of this study were adapted from relevant previous literature with necessary changes. A heavyset of the past research measures that is used in this study is indicated in carry over 3-2.Table 3-2 Research variables and measurementConstruct witnessJob Satisfaction Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003)Transformational Gadot (2006)Transactional Gadot (2006)Supportive Lee and Kamarul (2008)Directive Lee and Kamarul (2008)Participative Lee and Kamarul (2008)Job SatisfactionThe items for job satisfaction were adopted from Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003). The questionnaire used four items to access respondents satisfaction on their job. Table 3-3 shows the list of questions used for job satisfaction.Table 3-3 Job Satisfaction Diagnostic Survey InstrumentsHow satisfied are you with your job currently?How satisfied are you with the overall chances of advancement in your organization?How satisfied are you with the career opportunities offered in your organization?How satisfied are you with the nature of the work in your organization?Source Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003), Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes, An exploratory empirical assessment diary of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16 No.4, 2003, pp. 426-447.Leadership styleThe measurement items for leadership style were adapted from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). This measure was first introduced by Bass (1985) and then was further improved by Bass and Avolio (1993). It is used to gauge two leadership style scales, namely transformational and transactional. Respondents were asked on which particular leadership style their supervisory program closely relates to. MLQ has been widely adapted by past researchers in examining the leadership styles.Table 3-4 Leadership Style ItemsTransformational LeadershipMy supervisor instills pride because of their association with the subordinates.My supervisor has gained trust in myself to avoid all(prenominal) obstacles.My supervisor inspires myself to be like him or her.My supervisor goes beyond his individual interest and focuses on the interest ofhis or her subordinates.My supervisor talks enthusiastically about what needs to be accomplished.My supervisor sets pragmatic vision and guides on achieving them.My supervisor is a symbol of success and accomplishment.My supervisor eer views the future optimistically.My supervisor constantly suggests new ways to accomplish things.My supervisor always introduces new challenges and new assignments.My supervisor encourages to think in new ways to solve problems.My supervisor encourages to think creatively and innovatively to solve problems.My supervisor constantly provides coaching to improve my productivity.My supervisor always listens to my concern and helps me to improve.My supervisor always updates me with my performance and does the necessary to develop me.My supervisor treats each individual uniquely and attempts to cope with subordinates current needs.Transactional LeadershipMy supervisor rewards performance when his or her expectations are fulfilled.My supervisor always sets the r ight expectation with me on what is offered when performance goals are met.Prior to any tasks, my supervisor states clear on the performance objectives, clarify rewards, and punishment when the correct output is take ond.My supervisor considers their relationship with subordinates as a series of contract, deals, or aid and reward tradeoffs.My supervisor sets his focus on irregularities, mistakes, exceptions and deviations from standards.My supervisor keeps track on all the error, mistakes and wrong doing by the subordinates.My supervisor urges the subordinates to perform functions strictly according to positions requirement and nothing more.My supervisor is stringent about the rules and regulation of the organization and will take the necessary action if one were to not adhere.My supervisor does not intermeddle until the problem becomes serious.My supervisor always fire fights when taking corrective measures.My supervisor will only step in once the problems are chronic.My superv isor will not fix a problem until it is broken.Source Gadot (2006), Leadership style, organizational politics, and employees performance, An empirical examination of two competing models, Personal Review Vol. 36 No. 5, 2007 pp. 661-683.Leadership BehaviorIn this research, a 13-item was adopted from Lee and Kamarul, (2008). It is used to measure three dimensions of leadership behavior, namely supportive, directive and participative behavior. Same as discussed above, survey respondents are requested to rate how closely his or her supervisor relate to the statements provided in the questionnaire. Likert scales was adopted for the respondents to rate the measurement items with (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree). in that location are four items used for supportive leadership, four items used for directive leadership behavior and five items used for participative leadership. Table 3-5 shows the questions adopted for leadership behavior.Table 3-5 Leadership Behavior ItemsSuppo rtive LeadershipMy supervisor rewards performance when his or her expectations are fulfilled.supervisory program cares for the subordinates welfare.Supervisor does very little to make things pleasant.Supervisor treats all group members as equal.Directive LeadershipSupervisor gives clear guidance and explains on how a work needs to be done.Supervisor decides what and how things should be done.Supervisor maintains definite standards of performance.Supervisor follows a schedule to get work accomplished.Participative LeadershipPrior to making any decisions, supervisor considers the subordinates thoughts and whatthey have to say.Prior to making any decisions, supervisor consults with the subordinates.When a problem arises, supervisor consults with the subordinates.Supervisor asks subordinates for their suggestions and feedback.Supervisor listens to subordinates advice on which assignments should be made/taken.Source Lee and Kamarul (2008), The moderating effects of organizational assimi lation on the relationships between leadership behavior and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal Vol.30 No.1, 2009 pp.53-86.Sampling and populationThe goal of this study is to understand the relationship between leadership style and behavior on employees job satisfaction in the context of use of IT industries in Klang Valley and Selangor, the first step was to note down all the listed IT companies in Selangor and Klang Valley. This information was obtained through observation and information provided through colleagues and friends. The population of this research is all individuals who are employees, managers, stakeholders in IT companies in Klang Valley and Selangor. Convenience sampling was used for the purpose of this study. This is due to time constraint, quick responses and it is inexpensive compared to alternate sampling procedures.3.6 Sources of DataTwo methods w ere used to collect the data, namely primary and secondary data. Primary data for this survey was obtained by means of a survey questionnaire. numerical approach was used in the survey questionnaire to be able to measure the relationship between the variables that helps in statistical analysis. Secondary data collection was used to gather information through findings by past researchers using the qualitative approach. Journal sources from Emerald, Proquest, Science Direct related to this topic was studied to get an sympathy on the variables. Besides, online journal sources, books related to this topic provides exploratory information that is used for this research.3.7 Data CollectionFrom the secondary data resources, a set of predetermined questions were created.. common chord methods were used to collect data which is personally administered questionnaire, questionnaires attached with emails and online survey questionnaire.3.7.1 Personally Administered QuestionnairePersonally adm inistered questionnaires were sent to all employees and colleagues that are attached with IT Companies in the Klang Valley and Selangor. This method ensured to receive back all the number of questionnaire sent within a short period of time. The advantage of this method is that it avoided any unusable surveys as if the respondents had any questions they were able to get the answers immediately. Personally administered questionnaire is where most of the survey responses were obtained for this research. A sample of personally administered questionnaire is attached in the Appendix.Questionnaires Attached with EmailsThe availability of internet has helped to send and receive data with a very minimal cost and quicker time span. Questionnaires attached to emails were sent to those who were not easily accessible geographically to pass the questionnaire. Questionnaires are mailed to the target respondents by providing an introduction on the objective of the research and clear guidelines on h ow to fill the survey and respond back. Although reminders were sent to respondents to increase the survey response, the questionnaires attached to emails received through this method was only 13 (6.5%) out of the overall survey responses. The disadvantage of mail questionnaires attached to emails is, one may not have the time to do the survey immediately at the point that they receive it and have the tendency to forget to response once it is being left over(p) for some time in their mailbox.3.7.3 Online questionnaireAn online questionnaire was first used to obtain data for this study. The www.surveyshare.com site was used to create the online questionnaire. The web based gibe had the advantage of trade the survey responses to Microsoft Excel format which is useful for inputting the responses in a structured manner. The automation of data exportation has helped data collection quickly. It is also cheaper to use the online tool as no paper and printing cost is involved. Data can b e analysed as and when survey response is received since it automatically provides a heavyset and overview of all the survey responses received to date.Statistical ProceduresThe statistical software SPSS version 16 was used to analyse all the data obtained from the survey. Frequencies, means, percentage, reliability ladder (Cronbach coefficient) and seven-fold regressions were computed using the tool. To analyse the demographic details of the survey respondents, descriptive statistics which includes frequencies and percentages were done. To meet the research objective, multiple regressions were applied to study the significance between the variables as defined in the research framework.Reliability Test of the Survey InstrumentTable 3-5 presents the reliability measures for the 6 constructs discussed previously. The Cronbachs alpha value was determined from a pilot test with a sample of 30 respondents. The intention of the pilot test is to understand the ease of respondents answer ing the survey questions. At the same time, the reliability of the survey actor is determined. The Cronbachs alpha value for job satisfaction, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, participative leadership and directive leadership exceeded 0.70. As for supportive leadership the Cronbachs alpha value is 0.637. Therefore, one of the items for measuring supportive leadership was removed to raise the Cronbachs alpha value to 0.788.Table 3-6 Cronbachs alpha value for six construct from pilot study.Construct Alpha No. of itemsJob Satisfaction 0.806 4Transformational leadership 0.918 16Transactional leadership 0.871 12Participative leadership 0.915 5Supportive leadership 0.637 4Directive leadership 0.824 4

Essay on Social Commentary in Catch-22 -- Catch-22

Social Commentary in Catch-22 Life is filled with situations that are very difficult to find an escape. evening once in a while, life presents a situation that is beyond difficult, and completely impossible to escape from. These situations were expanded upon and brought to obvious light in Joseph ogres sassy, Catch-22. This novel was such a masterful work that the phrase, catch-22 came to be synonymous with the situations that Heller portrays in his novel. Set in the final months of World War II, Catch-22 tells the story of a bomber squadron on the mythical island of Pinosa, just off of Italy. The story is told through the eyes of Captain John Yossarian, one of the few sane men in the novel, who sees all of the impossible situations his squadron is placed in. For Catch-22 is the unwritten loophole in every written law which empowers the authorities to revoke your rights whenever it suits their cruel whims it is, in short, the principle of absolute disgust in a malevolent, mecha nical, and incompetent world. Because of Catch-22, justice is mocked, the innocent are victimized, and Yossarians squadron is forced to fly more than double the number of missions prescribed by Air blackjack code (Skreiner 1). The mops vivid examples of the paradoxes created by catch-22 come from the specific characters Hungry Joe, Doc Daneeka, Orr, Milo Minderbinder, and Yossarian. Probably the most peculiar paradox presented in Catch-22 is formed well-nigh a pilot named Hungry Joe. Following a common, logical train of thought, Hungry Joe wishes to finish his time in the war and return home, where his safety is guaranteed, and he is in no danger of being killed. The catch originates from a common junction of many of the catches characters ... ... that he is so quickly able to persuade us (1) that the most lunatic are the most logical, and (2) that it is our conventional standards which lack any logical consistency(Brustein 228). Catch-22 is about coping with what life throws yo u, then understanding the hopelessness, and calm never giving up. Catch-22 is a novel that instructs the reader to do as Heller did, leave convention behind. It is wrong, only the individual matters, because without the soul, man is garbage. Works Cited Brustein, Robert. Joseph Heller. CLC. 3228. Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York Simon and Schuster, 1996. Skreiner, David. Catch-22 Downloaded from http//www.schoolsucks.com/. March 17, 1998. Kennard, Jean. Joseph Heller. CLC. 8278. Littlejohn, David. Joseph Heller. CLC. 3229. Burhans, Clinton. Joseph Heller. CLC. 3230.

Blindness in King Lear Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

Blindness is defined as, according to dictionaries, unable to get wind and lacking(p) the sense of sight, but in King Lear, written by William Shakespeare, it has a relatively new definition. Blindness, as Shakespeare portrays, not only a forcible inability to see, but also a mental flaw that some characters present in this tragic play. King Lear and the Earl of Gloucester are the two characters who make up the parallel double plot of the tragedy caused of their lack of sight, mental blindness. They both undergo a very similar plot and suffer from their false decisions, the ones they regain very remorseful of later on. In other words, such blindness is the root of false decisions that leads to disasters. The interaction of physical blindness and mental blindness has been dramatically portrayed in the play. To clarify, since their blurred sight has not been cleared until the end, the realization of the statement in the middle of the play, I am a man more(prenominal) sinnd against than sinning (3.4.60-61), is not reasonably forceful. Lears lack of sight has been the most important theme that he is blindest one among all the characters. Due to his mixer situation, the king of British, he supposes to be the one who absorb extraordinary wisdom and skills to make sensible choices and to rationally manage his power. However, his mental blindness avoids him to do so. premier of all, as a king, he has to be responsible for his kingdom that he should stay as a king until he dies, not ignoring to see the dedicate of chain of being and renouncing his monarchial power and handing it over to his daughters. In Act 1, he plans to offer one of three parts of his kingdom to each of his daughters. According to the report of The Great Chain of Being, the structure of... ...t is to see things with eyes. However, this solution comes up too late to avoid the tragedy happening, the once supreme king has travel to a heartbreaking status and eyeless but recovering Gloucester is considering to be as mad as the king so that he wouldnt have to deal with this depressing situation he has as he says The king is mad. How stiff is my vile sense, that I stand up, and have ingenious feeling of my enormous sorrows Better I were distract. (4.6. 305-307) Such downfall is devastating for both Lear and Gloucester, and mental blindness is the cause of it. As a result, they cannot blame that I am a man more sinnd against than sinning, because the origin comes from themselves. Its an impressive lesson for everyone living in this physical world that our eyes can only see the surface of objects and our hearts can see through the essential of objects.