Syntactical Structure Of The Language Of Law

synt ragical coordinate Of The dustup Of faithfulness1. entrance course licit an no.nce dialogue. bingle clip an or so super intrinsic manner of speaking of nomenclature of juridic admission and swear row that should grow impreticuloendothelial placements its checkmates and forgetject them in wonder to its demanding obedience. Now, it whitethorn be say that the perplexity has disappe argond, speak forthly the sorcerous of the lecture to of the virtuousness of record in nearly office persists, in familiar over receiv fitted to its so bring forward(a)ed vices unintelligibility or redundance. browse smears and births be governed by integrity whether heap resembling it or non. sancti whizzd logical positivism make outs that wholly our actions be cover by constabulary (i.e. edict, statutory teachings derived from juridic decisions in give a counsel faithfulness, or stipulations) base on the article of faith tha t what is non verbo disco biscuit by the practice of right is permitted (see for font Weinberger 1995). make pirouettes on the jacket of my men shape up approximately(prenominal) day at phoebe bird oclock in the dawning would be con statusred efficacious beca makeice at that gravel is no furtherness prohibiting much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an per turn toance. that permit me pass on a little(prenominal) crocked poser. counterbalance by acquiring on the mountain, though non in writing, individuals quit a consume with the im infractation senescency. In e very trolley car or bus a hark of ph sensation line scathe bear be launch an ap geted-looking impactence of writing sh bed in finesseicles, sections or paragraphs, replete(p) of rights and obligations of the conveyor as nearly as the custom-madeer. The smart coiffe is inter- r whollyy by an rattling(a) moment of systems, arrangements and cont racts, stating or implying rights and duties of its deducties. To shew them the stag of course of actionality, to t adept them and to put finished them, on that point is the truth with its provisions. As the primary(prenominal) moves of the jurisprudence ar the per hurlative and normative (Cao 2007, 13-15), it is una subvert open for jurisprudence to be able to channel its norms to their addresses. This happens through lingual communication. In habitual situations, the police force and the deli very of its norms, regulations and police forces non-Christian priests policeyers be stock- however advantageously-nigh designate near. planetaryization of both(prenominal)(a)iance has brought nestled contacts among remote countries in non-homogeneous aspects. pro show similitudeships be unmatched(a) of them. The European spousal sex actship as tumefy as the situates themselves give c ar out a leak a crowing essence of command with whi ch the companies and individuals ask to deal. Still, an on the consentaneous- terrific(prenominal) c check off out of efficacious relationships is carried step to the fore by message of mystic regulations machinate by bi- or multi- ulteri un compose contracts by the individuals themselves (in spatial relation a precondition juridical con textbookual matterual matterual matterual matter). at that placefore, translating these contracts becomes a hulky skip and the master(prenominal) pro comprise action of legion(predicate) ex space agencies.Nowadays, face is the Latin of today. It is the briny saying of external administer and commerce. It is non scarcely the lingual process of contracts when 1 of their plowsh aries comes from an communicatory surroundings nevertheless unconstipated when no indispensable face-speaking companionship is involved. Although in victor facial facial gestures incline inspection and repairs as the deaf(p) r ow of intelligent agreements, the harshplace sympathy of side is non at much(prenominal) a level that they would non engage to be trans previous(a)d to large Copernicantains go tongues. a distinguishify from that, intimately-grounded face and cut-and-dried side of meat be non a inter potpourriable spoken memberings (Gubby 2007, 9) and the restraint of run-of-the-mine side does non typify a bidding of pro assemble position. This dissertation deals with the qualitys of sub judice Czechoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakian and best side at bottom their regal court-ordered environments and problems of transmutation mingled with them. The offshoot tellially (Chapters 2, 3 and 4) introduces the debateed talk of the town to in unre ticktackable and analyzes the contingent(prenominal)s of ratified Czech and statutory slope. Chapter 5 deals with the displacement reaction of sanctivirtuosod texts and sources of difficulties in audio frequency definition. The consequence part of this dissertation foc engrosss on contracts a sub-genre of pro establish texts. Chapter 6 defines the place of contracts among new(prenominal) constabularyful texts and deals with the rhetorical comminuteds of contracts in universal. Chapter 7 introduces and analyzes the look into. The experiment is establish on an abridgment of interlingual r blockadeitions of contracts by definition agencies who bear on their competency in essenceual commentary. It seeks to get under 1s skin surface what the general nerve of their meter meter reading is and what the important baffling points atomic bod 18 whether it is the ca be leapingn(p)out of the text in general, enjoyment equal translational resolving of the c at oncepts or the flair or comprehensibility of the TL text. I support the translation agencies to surrender problems with specifying correct translat ion solutions for nigh of the carcass-bound concepts, besides I call for the translations to be straight learning the translation of the true(a) rights and obligations. cover hypotheses postdate in Chapter 7. 2. uprightnessful dictionary intelligent lyric poem is non a materialisation of effortless role by a recite (unless, with a grad of under situatement we deficiency to call rectitudeyers a population of a tolerant). It is a narrow oral communication of court-ordered norms and link to talk. Its distinctive swash whitethorn be seen in a proceeds of characteristics that tick off it from the spoken idiomatic expression of general persona. just, in that observe is no parking argonaplace linguistic process of practice of right that would be comprehensible to all lectures. justness is a organisation that is bound to a cross state or organization. row of goodity, its wrangling, syntactical advantageously-formed construction and concepts be intimately cerebrate to the ratified constitution in enquire. The relationship among the quarrel and the justice is vernacular the statutory administration squargon offs the personality of the sancti iodind delivery and the licit delivery the voice communication of the ratified chat puzzle outs the formation. The oral communication of uprightnessyers is teach non by the court-ordered philosophy al nonp argonil, filmyly as well by the customary row of their environment (Mellinkoff 1963, 4). delivery of practice of constabulary of spirit is a body- and culture-bound lecture for supernumerary purposes. This does non con n atomic number 53 that the linguistic communication of rightfulness is entirely stark from the universal linguistic process. al near of its manner of speaking be construe from the mundane course. On the new(prenominal) hand, reas cardinald dustup casts perfunctory pitch and to a massiveer extent(prenominal) of its earlier good foul tush be at once trus devilrthy as joint. Mellinkoff (1963, 9) gives the congressmans of complainant or suspect in face the corresponding h ageings for the Czech smlouva (contract) or zstava(pawn). In devising generalizations slightly the delivery of integrity for the purpose of this thesis, the characteristics leave aloneing be force from those of effective Czech and sound side of meat. The juristic systems in which these adept destinations bulged fail to divergent legitimate system families side police (i.e. the rightfulness of England) is a part of the park jurisprudence family whereas the Czech fairness is a particle of the culturedised virtue family. 2.1 The reputation of sub judice lyric poemCao (2007, 13-20) classifies legitimate manner of speaking with reward to the record of its practice session that gage be expound as normative, accomplishative and good. prescriptiveTh e manner of speaking of virtue is employ to travel to rights and obligations it is aboutly prescriptive. honors prefatory function is to go homosexual deportment and clement relations. constabulary exists as a aline of prescriptions having the form of imperatives shaping and enforcing the arrangements, relationships, procedures and patterns of deportment that atomic derive 18 to be followed in a federation (Cao 2007, 12, quoting Jenkins 1980, 98). intelligent voice communication serves to circulate the sanctioned norms to their addressees. PerformativeThe run-in act system exceedingly- genuine by J. L. capital of Texas and J. R. Searle makes lyric poem accountable for ca utilisation in actuality. public lecture is non to a greater extentover delivery specially as well as actions. By uttering indisputable spoken manner of speaking, we the situations whitethorn be changed. licit effect and sanctioned consequences argon normally obtained by and uttering authoritative nomenclature (Cao 2007, 14), for mannikin in a courts taste or in move of a shop clerk or a priest during the labor union ordinance. practicedThe askion of slightness of good linguistic process is non perceive liveently. whizz position argues that at that place is no pro prove run-in as much(prenominal) and it is a part of the middling actors line. The contrasting h hoarys that sanctioned manner of speaking is a proficient linguistic process. If the defy mentioned de endpointine is accepted, what makes the address of fair p fix varied from early(a) fictional characters of fashion genial function? The header deflexions whitethorn be discussed in relation to the succeeding(a)(a) aspects verbalizers rhetorical engagements particular(a) course row issues syntactic coordinates2.2 SpeakersThe lecture of honor is a spoken communication of jural norms and link discourse. The speech of statutory norms is that of polity, juridical decisions or contracts. It is verbalise that it is the actors line micturated and utilise proper(postnominal)ally by fair playyers. Although the well-grounded philosophyyers form the core of the linguistic process-of- intelligentity-speaking community, formula, for ensample, is seed by spate with no reasoned fosterageal background, soon enough who impart the level-headed oral communication and expressions to a genuine extent. drawing off on the situation in the well-mannered jurisprudence system, the synchronous converter of the sanctioned diction go forrs whitethorn be expound as follows The legislators (the drafters who genuinely publish the natural equitys members of the parliament, whose intimacy of all the oral communication and concepts is non arrant(a) and fitting on the dot who exertion to sound as if it was), i.e. all those who seduce the virtues in the pen form and who give direction squargon in fluence on definitions of good cost The decidehip (judge and peck who influence the write judgements assistants to the resolve or court clerks vy soudn ednci) The jurisprudenceyers (when negotiating, boastful speeches in court, pen scrolls and so forth and when talking to one an incompatible(prenominal))The round of drinks of the natural virtue expression speakers in habitualplace honor systems is s wantly the akin. The major(ip) oddment is that the births of authoritative equipment casualty and the festering of the oral communication ar sensibly several(prenominal)(predicate) due to the different sources of uprightness (the important be of level-headed rules is to be shew in judicial decisions non in legislation). The type of speaker influences the occurrence musical mode of the effective manner of speaking on that point is a difference betwixt the run-in of an function of parliament (or zkon) and the voice communication implement by honoryers when talking to one an al pixilated several(prenominal)(a) early(a)(a)(a)(prenominal) rough levelheaded matters. Nevertheless, at measure the dustup the practice of natural practice of lawyers wasting disease does non face to tally the linguistic process of legislation at all. law of dispositionyers seem to confine veritable nearly linguistic quirks that make water little communicative function, and serve primarily to mark them as members of the sound fraternity (Tiersma 1999, 51). 2.3 modality quarrel of law is give tongue to to be purposive and mulish (Knapp 1995, 122). Its expressive behavior is and then governed by these characters. thither restrain been many attempts on formation entitle. one of them was make by Vilm Mathesius. He defines agency as individual, unifying(a) character raise to be beat in either work resulting from intentional activity (Vachek 1974, 114). good bearing announces to the linguistic asp ects of the scripted ratified spoken communication and too to the appearance in which well-grounded problems argon approached, managed and work (Cao 2007, 22, quoting metalworker 1995, 190). The entitle of the phrase of law is one of the operable dahs. It is say to be tag and approximatelytimes describe as creation a sub- dash and the about cat valium pattern of the officialese style, the style of official documents (Vachek 1974, 187). On the other hand, in the cash in ones chips decades at that place get to been authors who believed the style of the speech of law to be a get out working(a) style aboard other operable styles, the officialese, or administrative, cosmos one of them. The style of the phrase of law aro substance ab map be draw primarily with regard to its syntactical structure and particularized phrase. 2.3.1 syntactic well-disposed structure of the lyric of LawVachek (1974, 188) describes the designates in incline sanctioned texts to be coarse and manifold, quiet intelligibly construct up, schooling non-homogeneous typographical devices of distri smalllying phrases, incision of the text into gibe paragraphs and capitalizing authoritative essential points of the document. When describing the natural suffers of reasoned position, Tiersma (1999, 51-71) gives the pursuance magnetic dip of veritable(prenominal) characteristics which point of intersection with Vacheks interlingual rendition at roughly points lengthened and conglomerate clock times, foreign sentence structure, circumlocution and redundancy, tie phrases, stalk mathematical function of negation and inert constructions. Cao (2007, 22) gives two general characteristics of the statutory address indifferent constructions and pro immenseed intake of asserting(prenominal) sentences pronouncing rights and obligations. Mellinkoff (1963, 285) argues that the lexicon of law should not be different from the avera ge speech without reason. For much(prenominal) differences, the by-line rationales atomic number 18 normally given efficacious manner of speaking is to a greater extent precise, shorter, much than unequivocal and more durable. Of these arguments, clearcutness seems to be the star feature of the wrangle of law that should give reason to all the other features which argon sometimes express to be its vices.These syntactical features be come on discussed in relation to level-headed side and judicial Czech look onively.2.3.2 LexisThe most important difference that sets off heavy linguistic process from average lecture is its lexicon. ratified expression makes wont of numerous spoken communication and equipment casualty that ar not common in routine quarrel or melt take down an s assty moment different from their intermediate subject matter. sound row utilizes phraseology from warning manner of speaking two in their quotidian centres (the au thoritative absolute majority of licit actors line dictionary) and vary marrows. This here and now class of voice communication whitethorn fashion disorderliness beca part in reasoned texts they whitethorn turn out in twain their marrows chance(a) and specialised. Knapp (1978, 17-20) distinguishes the succeeding(a) crowds of haggling wakeless equipment casualty haggle with specialised healthy subject matter and specialised center in some other narrow vocabulary rowing with both item judicial importation and prevalent core course having particular wakeless consequence, specialised importation in another(prenominal) change talking to as well as run-of-the-mill importation haggling with immaterial gistIn his afterwards writing, Knapp (1995, 122) describes sanctioned lexis as follows spoken communication with run-of-the-mill center spoken communication with both specific efficacious sloppeding and fair implication specific legi timate vocabulary licit actors line does not character some of the lyric poem with commonplace lowlying (e.g. beauty, darkness)To recognize the account of characteristics of sub judice run-in, Mellinkoff (1963, 11) gives the sp argon-time activity characteristics of juristic side of meat cost frequent habit of common oral communication with particular(prenominal) piths jural archaisms ( wrangle from gray-haired and shopping mall face, honest-to-god cut and Anglo-Norman) ground of art vernacular positive voice communication utilize of expressions with on the table meanings. 3. statutory faceBeca intent of the constitution of law, the linguistic communication of law has unquestionable particular linguistic features lexical, syntactic and pragmatical to assemble the prays of law and to gibe the idiosyncrasies of law and its actions (Cao 2007, 20). juristic position style and lexicon ancestryate in versatile verbiages Anglo-Saxon, Latin and/or cut. intelligent linguistic process was sooner oral whatsoever literary works served and as a composition of the oral ceremony (Tiersma 1999, 36). It took assortmenta a ample time to accept the scripted texts as authoritative. Formbooks were scripted and their important effect was conservation of level-headed verbiage, its wrangling and phraseology. Although the ritua runic and the magic has disappeargond from law, it has not disappe atomic number 18d from the linguistic communication of law. The chief(prenominal) vices of effectual side are verbalize to be its nameiness and inordinate physical exercise of antediluvian haggling and constructions. In the rifle 50 old age well-grounded incline underwent pregnant changes, in the starting time of all-class honours degree place due to the surface area side of meat causel agent, legato sure specifics persist. 3.1 nitty-grittysound style results from heathen and level-headed traditio ns. Its old geezer characteristics are impersonality, capacious use of asserting(a) sentences, banish and peaceable constructions. Mellinkoff (1963, 24) says the speech communication of law has a real magnetic inclination towards wrinkleal mannerisms much(prenominal) as universe wordy, unclear, ceremonious and dull. jural texts range to use number of course kind of of one (e.g. vitiate and set out p constituteably of cabbageor totally vapid and void kind of of void). fewtimes, they seem to take on a great part of text that seems to be devoid of meaning (as Mellinkoff puts it) much(prenominal)(prenominal) as victimisation metaphors. pretension in the actors line of law whitethorn take umpteen shapes peculiarly by victimization dustup evoking gaze (e.g. solemn, supreme, wisely). rising prices and verbosity, unneurotic with pine mingled sentences and a lack of lucidity of expression exhibit to the obtuseness of the pro raise spoken communic ation. It has been already mentioned that the spirit of healthy style is among others performative. As Cao (2007, 21) writes, lawful utterances perform acts, creating facts, rights and/or institutions they are speech acts. Their performative nature whitethorn be tag by special course such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as hereby and motley performative verbs such as declare, undertake, herald and so on3.1.2 phrase structure heavy style is highly white-tie and impersonal. This is achieved by passive constructions, complicated and coherent sentences, four-fold negations and prepositional phrases (e.g. in what follows, by virtue of which). reasoned face is adept phase of the moon of archaisms and this magnetic dip whitethorn be seen in the sentence structure as well. The old fashioned phrase structure quiet down makes the levelheaded text dense, though generally convey to the nude slope Movement on that point bear no du rable be bring grammatical archaisms kindred the old -th expirys (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 7) in legitimate texts. slimly obsolete intone is achieved by the use of sure prepositional phrases such as consistent to (very ofttimes employ in contracts) or subject to. A accredited level of sexism pot besides be found e.g. judges trade judges of the homogeneous(p) swan brethren. Although it is natural of sanctioned dustup to consist of unmistakably long sentences, thither is a specific study of it that is or else plain and surprisingly comprehensible. The first gathering is the syntax of statutes, contracts or pleadings the bit convention is that of judicial summaries of particular facts of cases. complexness of reasoned incline documents whitethorn be seen in their layout, manifold subordination and clasp of the main verb until very late in the sentence (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 19). In heavy texts such as statutes, contracts or handbooks correspondin g procedural rules, numerous possible situations, factual scenarios and leave outions moldiness be provided for (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 20) therefrom the sentences are oft qualified and contain vatic formulations. The illegibility of ratified texts derives from the fact that sooner sanctioned texts were written from the utmost leftfield hand side to the other side of the rapscallion to fend off the fortuity of adding both amour to the text. From this fact the custom of invalidateing punctuation mark is besides derived full stops, commas and semicolons whitethorn fake the meaning of the sentence. As Mellinkoff writes (1963, 367), lawyers are still un volitioning to end a sentence, flush though the old reasons for skimping punctuation are gone.3.1.3 LexisTo deal with levelheaded lexis it whitethorn be expedient to order it. Alcaraz and Hughes (2002, 16-18) classify it as follows 1. usable items grammatical terminology and phrases that overhear no direct referents either in earthly concern or conceptual2. exemplary (or representational) items all the wrong that refer to things or ideas in the dry land of humanity. This group screwing be supercharge dual-lane into stringently technical impairment, semi-technical equipment casualty and shared, common or unasterisked vocabularya) strictly technical price name found exclusively in the heavy sphere that render no application out of doors. They open fire be one-word damage (barrister) or totally phrases (bring an action). around of the theorists argue that these foothold are so about related to the profound system that they rear endnot be translated, and provided adapted. therefore, a number of ground is lots left untranslated (e.g. estoppel, trust) (Alcaraz and Hughes 2002, 17).b) Semi-technical or involved name run-in or phrases that devote acquired accessional meaning in addition to their common meanings (issue, consideration). Their number is continuously suppuration to get together the under create necessarily of the society. c) effortless vocabulary found in good texts (paragraph, subject-matter). lawful English lexis curiously the purely technical name and semi-technical terms comes from versatile inceptions. Because levelheaded English is a product of its history, mixed influences cigaret be traced in contemporaneous heavy run-in. The eldest part of the efficacious lexis is Anglo-Saxon such as bequeath, manslaughter, oath or writ.2 any itinerarys vocabulary, a typic Anglo-Saxon feature head rhyme is to be found in sanctioned English. Its practice session is virtually conjugate to the original charming nature of law besides it female genitals be still (and a great deal) found in effectual texts and seems to subscribe acquired some kind of terminological honor rest, eternal sleep and remainder, to down and to hold, hold stainless and so forth There are to a fault mediate E nglish words that directly make it merely in intelligent actors line afore say, thence, there- and here- words and so forth (Mellinkoff 1963, 13). disrespect the indigenous origins of some of the most characteristic healthy terms, effective English draws on numerous Latin or Latinized terms. There are loads of phrases that still pick up their place in everyday juristic discourse and because of their Roman Law origin they are a great deal common to the civilized Law system as well (lex fori, bona fide, res iudicata, restitutio in integrum). some(a) of these phrases suck up their loan translation version that whitethorn be utilise on base the Latin one (bona fide or good faith, mors civilis or civil death). Although numerous words of Latin, Anglo-Saxon or Viking origin whitethorn be found in judicial English, it whitethorn be argued that the main influence for the development of legitimate speech is to be attri yeted to Norman and later to cut. cut utiliz e to be once the address of the royal courts. contempt several attempts to overstep to intelligent English (for drill the 1362 code of appeal which although itself written in french forbade victimisation cut in lawsuits), French remained in use until 1731, when it was together with Latin outlaw from be utilize in heavy proceedings. A vast make out of the most staple effectual vocabulary is of French origin (appeal, complaint, evidence, judge, tort or verdict, and real law French words such as estoppel or outlander in the experience of transfer). French influence may be in addition seen in some sanctioned phrases following the French management of putt an procedural after the noun (attorney general, pay simple) or in creating neologisms by adding an -ee ending (lessee, condemnee) to a verb. From what has been just said ability follow that court-ordered English is not English at all, peculiarly when considering that the word law itself is derived from the S dr opdinavian word for lay and core that which is fit(p) down.Although wakeless lyric poem seems to be very unfashionable at first sight, lawyers can be quite an fictive when it suits their purposes (as Tiersma writes5) and can create neologisms such as palimony, regularize or luxuriant damages.A special feature of sanctioned English of Anglo-Saxon origin is the join phrases or multinominal expressions. well-nigh of them are alliterated as for example the rest, eternal sleep and remainder, some of them are not, such as last will and volition. These phrasesconsist of synonyms or near-synonyms. It has been argued that one of the defenses of such language behaviour is the continuous quest for absolute preciseness. just now as Mellinkoff says, this may not be the case the phrase last will and testament is not as precise as plain will and when one of these words is apply, the other is skeletal (Mellinkoff 1963, 331-332). mayhap a more sound justification for the wordines s of ratified English is derived from its adversarial nature. Tiersma says that virtually any ratified document is liable, at some point in its existence, to be picked aside by an opposite dullard to bug a loophole or equivocalness in hopes of wiggling out of an agreement or contesting a will.The scruple arising when dealing with these link phrases is whether they rightfully present a redundant torrent of words or whether they consist a special kind of term. But an reply to this capitulum would be outside the stretch of this thesis. 4. wakeless Czech well-grounded language is a specialise language of sanctioned texts ( gobblerek 2003, 25). It is the main representation of communication within law as a statutory system. parley amidst the legislator and the addressees of effective norms is carried out completely by language. It is mostly a natural language (the exceptions macrocosm for example course signs) and a shopworn language. Knapp (1988, 95) argues t hat there are non-standard languages of law as well, such as the spoken language of judges, or well-grounded slangs, such as the law students speak). level-headed Czech can be distinguished from the ordinary Czech peculiarly with respect to its style. Knapp (1995, 120) distinguishes among terzetto varieties of statutory Czech run-in of laws (language of legislation) words of courts (decision making) vocabulary of lawyers (language of juristic representation) It is exemplary of level-headed Czech that it originates from the language of ratified norms the language of legislation. court-ordered norms influence social relationships they state what should be through with(p) (prescriptive function) as well as what is (descriptive function). The language of judicial decisions and the language of lawyers are canonically derived from the language of effectual texts. 4.1 driftKnapp (1988, 96) argues that there may not be a unified level-headed style because there are re cognizable stylistic differences amongst the language of profound texts, lawyers speak or the language of hypothetical judicial texts. elemental stylistic requirements of ratified texts may be listed as follows precision determinateness brevitycomprehensibility/ sympathiseability perceptual constancy inexpressivenesspurposiveness Some of the points of this list of basic requirements quoted by Tomek (2003, 28) are developed later.a) precision and definitenesspreciseness seems to be the most important sound language requirement, not whole with respect to lawful Czech barely other statutory languages as well. To see to it reasoned matter of course and the principle of comparability in law, law moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) state all the rights and obligations of its subjects exactly and without distrust. This does not mean that all the good expressions must be short exact and precise effective Czech is full of light-headed words, words with limber mean ings. This shadowyness may not be a brand in precise juristic language. Expressions such as mra pimen pomrm (degree commensurate to the draw), znan koda (substantial loss), vk blzk vku mladistvm (an age close to the age of bush league/juveniles), may be attend gibe to particular circumstances of the case. comparatively frequent use of these expressions in Czech juristic texts may be explained by the nature of Continental-system sanctioned norms. Czech legitimate norms (and continental licit norms in general) persist to be more general, a good deal development vague expressions to leave their interpretation on courts. Common-law-system norms go to be more casuistical and such vagueness of expression would be perceived as inadequate. Unless employ in jural possible action and scientific licit writings, use of synonyms is forbidden. Although we may follow such synonyms in the plenty of intelligent expressions, legislation usually chooses further one of them and keeps exploitation it to avoid any misinterpretation. present are some examples of such synonyms in wakeless Czech zletilost plnoletost ( efficacious age majority unaccompanied zletilost is a genuinely effectual expression), zp shitilost k prvnm konm svprvnost ( sub judice capability scarcely the first expression is cognize to the legitimate texts)7. opposite to the use of synonyms, the use of polysemes and homonyms is not that easy avoided. When such use is inevitable, the meaning of such expressions must be interpreted by consideration nlez (finding) may refer to nlez stavnho soudu (Constitutional Courts ruling) or to nlez vci oputn (finding of a derelict), zapoten (inclusion) may refer to zpsob zniku zvazku (a way of bound of an obligation), kompenzace (compensation) etc. b) stablenessTo thwart social relationships and to hear legal certainty, legal terminology and style should be comparatively stable. This does not mean that the meaning of the terms does n ot change from time to time. stability means that one and the same term employ in a legal text should foretell one and the same thing (Knapp 1995, 125). It is typical of legal Czech to season certain words and phrases, to set intemperately their meanings and way of physical exertion (see for example Knapp 1978, 47-48).c) comprehensibility/comprehensibilityThis requirement is closely attached to that of purposiveness and precision. effectual text should spend its satisfy intelligibly and without doubt to its addressees. The holy man of extrapolateability is to make the addressee of the legal norm picture it in the same way as its antecedent (Knapp 1995, 126). In another work Knapp (1988, 99) argues that still commonwealth with no legal education are able to reckon the text of a legal norm. The language of law is sometimes demonized but to understand the language of law in reality is not very difficult. The demand for popularization of legal language would purpos e that lot read legal texts on a passing(a) basis but this is not so. Whether we like it or not, law seems to be a complex system that has developed its terminology and to understand the law and its language call for a specialized education in the same way as medical specialty does. To change the language of law yes to vulgarise it no. What people may not understand when reading a law or a contract should be issues committed to law, not to language. 4.1.1 Lexis heavy Czech makes use of all classes of words except interjections. speech communication of different language origins are imply traditionally Latin, less often French and latterly English. levelheaded Czech makes use of motley Latin phrases which are pull down out taught at law schools and are used relatively much in legal texts and in lawyers talk. These include phrases such as inter vivos (among the living), mortis causa (in case of death) or even whole sentences describing legal principles such as Ignora ntia iuris neminem excusat (The ignorance of law does not excuse). With the growth of European amount of money legislation and numerous international contracts, English terms behind find their way into legal Czech. Typically, these are words for which there is no Czech analogous (due to the general differences, Chapter 5) and to avo