The Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior - 2300 Words

Criminology is a science that gathers and analyzes data on various aspects of crime and criminal behavior (Walsh Hemmens 2014). The scientific method often used in criminology, allows theories to be developed that relate to crime. These theories about crime are intended to explain certain crime facts. A theory is a set of logically connected prepositions explaining and predicting a phenomena (Walsh Hemmens 2014). A number of hypotheses can be derived and tested using a developed theory. Thus, these hypotheses can be tested in the criminal justice system. In criminology, examining why people commit crime is very important so that crime can be prevented. Many theories have developed from criminologists that seek to answer questions concerning crime. Often times, the victim of a crime wants to know the reason behind the criminal act. However, it takes many years of analyzing data to develop these theories. One of the theories that has developed is the labelling theory. This essay wi ll contrast the labelling theory, and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies. The labelling theory is based on the Social Process Theory (Walsh Hemmens). According to the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice social process theories are grouping of criminological theories that aid the explanation of why people engage in criminal behaviors. The social process theories include differential association, social learning theory, social control theory, andShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Crime And Criminal Behavior Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesour minds. These questions then encourage us, naturally, to search for the answers. This is true in the area of crime and criminal behavior as well. Criminological theory attempts to describe why and how crime transpires by studying the countless social factors that influence someone to commit crimes. These theories are then supposed to explain both the understandings and roots of crime. Abstract outlooks offer an image of what something is and the best way of addressing that particular subject. InRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1493 Words   |  6 Pagesdrawing up on three different criminological theories and how they can explain crime and criminal behaviour differently. There is no universal definition of crime that gives a simple and straight forward definition. Crime is a constantly changing idea that changes due to the persons perceptions of what they would classify as ‘crime’ and what is regarded as criminal behaviour (crime and criminology). There is also no straightforward way of explaining what criminal behaviour is, as it can be something thatRead MoreCrime And Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1920 Words   |  8 PagesCriminality or criminal behaviour has long been the subject of great interest within psychology, captivating the interest of psychologists from all different perspectives (Hollin, 2013; Putwain Sammons, 2013). Due to this, ther e are many approaches to criminality and theories of criminal behaviour that have been supported by empirical evidence, which provide insightful, but different explanations of this psychology phenomenon (Eysenck, 2013; Hollin, 2013; Putwain Sammons, 2013). In spite of thisRead MoreThe Biological And Psychological Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1764 Words   |  8 PagesCrime is adaptation to life stress. It is best understood in terms of the manner in which the individual experiences the biological, psychological and socially determined situations of his existence. (Halleck, 1967, p. 63) The modern police department was born out of urban mob violence that tormented the nation’s cities during the nineteenth century. The new police departments were replacements for the night-watch systems and relegated constables and sheriffs to serving court orders and running jailsRead MoreThe Strain Theory Of Criminal Behavior And Is A Breakdown Of Why People Commit Crimes1633 Word s   |  7 PagesRunning Head: Strain Theory Stain Theory Keisha Harris Valdosta State University The strain theory explains the criminal behavior and is a breakdown of why people commit crimes. The theory was developed by an American Sociologist Robert K. Merton (1910-2003). Merton believed that the society influences deviance and plays a huge role in criminals committing crimes. Emile Durkheim (1858-1957) presented the earliest version of the strain theory. He believed that well-built societiesRead MoreThe Major Theories Of Criminal Behavior And The Impact Of Crime On Victims And Society1580 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour Describing and Evaluating the Major Theories of Cause of Criminal Behaviour and the Impact of Crime on Victims and Society London Foundation campus 1. Introduction Akers Sellers (2013) noted that there are various common theories that are pertinent to the study of crime as the extents of crime explanations range from the genetic/biological through to the economic and social perspective. Howitt (2012) divided these theories into four categories:Read MoreTheories on Crime1253 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime: The field of criminology is basically described as the study of crime through which the causes, prevention, and correction of offenses are examined. While this process can be extremely difficult, especially for students, the analysis of the causes of crime is significant to sociology and criminology. The difficulties associated with the study of crime originate from the numerous challenges in developing theories that explain human behavior. In relation to crime, human behaviorRead MoreCriminal Behavior And The Criminal Acts1115 Words   |  5 Pagescommit criminal acts. Criminal behavior has been studied for many years and theories have been suggested as to this very topic. Criminal behavior is when an individual commits a criminal act. A criminal act constitutes the violation of breaking the law. Criminal behavior can be linked to many crimes like organized crime along with misdemeanors and felonies (Jones, 2005). Burglaries are no exception when it comes to criminal behavior. Burglaries consist of either violent or non-violent and crimes againstRead MoreEssay on Theory of Criminal Behavior1000 Words   |  4 Pages0 Introduction Crime depicts any act or omission that is prohibited by the public law. On the same note, behavior is a function which has measurable differences in psychological characteristics among individuals (Brennan-Galvin, 2002). Such characteristics may be influenced by constitutional, personality attributes, and neurophysiologic or genetics factors. Likewise, criminal behavior is the commission of acts which in their situational and social settings are considered crimes due to the fact thatRead MoreTheories of Crime Comparison1157 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime Comparison Angelika L. Arnold AJS/542 May 20, 2013 Marcela Morales Theories on Crime Comparison For several years, theorists have come to the conclusion that people commit crimes for several different

Gender Socialization And Gender Roles - 998 Words

In the last several years, numerous feminist movements have brought a great deal of attention to the gender equality issues many societies face. Is this increased awareness helping towards a neutral gendered socialization process which will inevitably eliminate the inequality? Gender socialization is the process where an individual is impacted by agents of socialization through their life stages which consequently creates the gender roles we see in today’s society. The only way to start working towards a gender equal world is by making changes towards the gender socialization process. Gender socialization allows for the creation of gender roles and it is evident that most of the creation takes place during childhood. Gender roles are the expected normative behaviors associated to one’s biological sex (Carl Bà ©langer. 2015). The majority of young children are raised in gendered environments as appose to the less common neutral gendered ones. As a result, they are exposed to gender stereotypes which will, more often than not, stay with them throughout their entire lives. The importance of a gender neutral upbringing is crucial to eliminating the inequality we face today and that is the message Gender Baby Food is trying to spread to new parents. Gender Baby Food is a satirical line of fake baby food created by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America in hopes of targeting gender norms (Rose, 2016). The product comes in a wide selection of flavors with each its ownShow MoreRelatedGender Socialization And Gender Roles999 Words   |  4 PagesEarly gender socialization is perhaps one of the most relevant issues and debates of early childhood. The beginnings of stereotypes for gender roles are typically established at birth, and continue a process of learning specific cultural roles and standards in accordance with the sex of the individual. Gendered interactions begin early in the family and hence influence the process of gendered socialization, as was such the case for myself growing up. Socialization comes from a number of sources:Read MoreGender Roles And Gender Socialization985 Words   |  4 PagesForum 1: Gender Roles and Gender Socialization 1.   Explain why gender is not a property of individuals but rather a feature of social situations.   Give specific examples, including your own experiences, in which gender differences were assumed to be natural but were really social constructed. Note: It helps to distinguish between the concepts of sex and gender in answering this question (see definitions in Chapter 3 and lecture notes). Gender is not a property of individual because it providesRead MoreGender Socialization And Gender Roles1452 Words   |  6 Pages120 Professor Lessor 5/14/2016 Gender role in socialization Gender socialization and gender roles have always existed in society. Gender roles are playing major part in our way of living. As we grow, we learn how to behave and respect from those surrounding us as well as children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society . there are certain roles placed on boys and girls in accordance with their gender. These gender roles are set on children from birth andRead MoreGender Socialization And Gender Roles Essay2371 Words   |  10 PagesSociety has this unknown expectation for genders to have a type of distinction toward one another, attitudes and behaviors that males and females are required to have. Gender socialization is society’s way to categorize the propensity for males and females to be socialized differently. Media, violence, even politics has a large contribution to the division among genders in the 21st century creating by creating a new culture of independents. Media has been promoted very sele ctively and carefully,Read MoreSocialization Of Gender Roles1524 Words   |  7 Pagesborn, we are born into a world of conformity and obedience. Early in our lives, we look at authority figures like parents or teachers as these sentinels of guidance, as omnipotent beings with unwavering precision in their lessons. The concept of socialization is very perplexed, and it’s difficult to identify the variables that shape our development as we grow. As children, we communicate with the world free of inhibition, and find no fault in any of our actions; we could throw a tantrum and no one wouldRead MoreGender Socialization and Gender Roles Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesGender socialization and gender roles have always existed in society. When analyzing gender roles, they are not always equal or consistent when comparing cultures, however, the expectations of females and males are often times clearly defined with a little to no common area. The Japanese culture is an example of th e defined gender roles that change over time. According to Schafer (2010), because â€Å"gender roles are society’s expectations of the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males andRead MoreThe Role Of Socialization And Gender Roles852 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTIOn tell me what you are focussing on†¦..family and theirgender roles Socialisation is the process by which a child learns to respect his or her environmental laws such as norms, values and customs. Socialisation helps the infant gradually become self-aware and a knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he or she is born. Children within the primary socialisation of the family learn a great deal from parents and other care givers such as grandparents, grandmothersRead MoreThe Role Of Socialization On Gender Identity2394 Words   |  10 PagesThe Influence of Socialization on Gender Identity Gender-Role Conformity As evident from the generalized patterns found in differences in behaviour and outlook observed between the sexes, it may be tempting, as has been done in the past, to conclude that gender is an unavoidable aspect of human existence as determined purely from one s genes. Indeed, human physiology is subject to sexual dimorphism; statistically significant differences in brain size and rate of maturation of specific substructuresRead MoreGender Socialization Is The Process Of Learning Gender Roles And Expectations1177 Words   |  5 Pagestradition of gender socialization that facilitates prejudicial practices within the work environment. Gender socialization is the process of learning gender roles and expectations. It is what determines which things are considered masculine or feminine. This process tends to reinforce traditional gender ideologies. The cult of domesticity, or the idea that a woman’s place is in the home taking care of children while the man works, is one prominent expression of traditional gender roles. During childhoodRead MoreHow Toys Play A Role On Gender Socialization1229 Words   |  5 Pagesunusual for their gender. Toys are a prominent factor in this socialization, because they are typically presented for one gender and are unacceptable for the other. To assess how toys play a role in gender socialization, I made a trip to Toys â€Å"R† Us in College Station and was surprised by how the store was organized. The first thing that went through my mind when walking into the store was to look for the Girls and Boys signs that would indicate to me which section was for which gender. There weren’t

Shakespeare s Differing Opinions Of Preservation

Sonnet 17 and Sonnet 55: Shakespeare’s Differing Opinion of Preservation Two constant themes throughout this collection of sonnets is death and preservation. Shakespeare battles with the idea of how to preserve not only the beauty of his subject, but also his work without losing value and merit. Sonnet 17 and Sonnet 55 share the common idea that preservation is necessary and important, but each take different approaches to this preservation. From Sonnet 17 to Sonnet 55, Shakespeare grows confident in his craft and begins to develop a different ideology when it comes to preservation. In this paper, I will compare and contrast Sonnet 17 and Sonnet 55 and thoroughly examine Shakespeare’s changing preservation ideology. Sonnet 17 focuses†¦show more content†¦The speaker in Sonnet 17 doesn’t only focus on the importance of the child for the subject, but also the stake they hold in the child. As stated the poet is fearful. He is worried about preserving his craft and his personal legacy. At this moment he doesn’t understand his true worth as a writer and the power his words hold. He doesn’t understand that they legacy of his subject can live in his words. But he learns in Sonnet 55. In Sonnet 55, Shakespeare’s confidence as a writer begins to blossom. This is proven in the first two lines of the poem where he says, â€Å"Not marble nor the gilded monuments/Of princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme†. One can’t get more cocky than that. Shakespeare sets the tone. He lets his confidence shine through and makes sure that nothing is hidden when it comes to his ability and the power his words hold. He begins to understand that the legacy of the subject can be preserved in a poem, if captured correctly. He goes on to iterate that his words can stand the test of time because words can’t be destroyed saying, â€Å"than unswept stone besmeared with sluttish time/When waste war shall statues overturn† (line 4,5). The speaker is saying that the the tangible things can be destroyed and in some ways the subject should feel flattered that he [Shakespeare] decided to preserve his legacy in such an indestructible way. He has an understand that nothing lasts forever, even humans.Show MoreRelated Diversity in Colleges Essay2682 Words   |  11 Pagesare entitled: 10 Reasons Why Reparations For Blacks Are A Bad Idea For Blacks And Racist, Too. (Horowitz, 10 Reasons). While Horowitzs title may cause some anxiety for reparation supporters, it is, simply, an individual opinion. However, Horowitz knew very well that the opinion published with this essay would induce some serious backlash, and all odds should be placed on his counting on the scathing rebuttals to open a wide debate on the subject. Opening up the academic floor to debate is theRead More What Christian Literature Is Essay4677 Words   |  19 Pagessome reflection of eternal Beauty and Wisdom. As we look at both of these points his argument becomes clear, we are to reflect the image of Christs character and beauty in the literature we write. Lewis wrote about this concept in Letters of C. S. Lewis Creation as applied to human authorship seems to me to be an entirely misleading term. We rearrange elements He has provided. There is not a vestige of real creativity de novo in us. Lewis argument is quite sound here. It works well withRead MoreThe Government and Not-For-Profit Environment100975 Words   |  404 Pagesrevenues from tuition and solicit contributions from the public, or a select group of the public. Donors to not-for-profit entities may be interested in different information than taxpayers are interested in. [Note: Students will have differing opinions about the appropriateness of different accounting standards for educational institutions determined by ownership rather than by activity. The question is designed to solicit their thoughts.] 2. Interperiod equity means that the citizensRead MoreInfrastructure for Knowledge Management42738 Words   |  171 PagesStructure........................................................................................................15 Individual Characteristics of a Knowledge Worker ..............................................................15 A note to all CEO s................................................................................................................17 A note to all Managers: .........................................................................................................17 TypesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesLondon, The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1962 French B. Bakhouche, F. Fauquier, B. Pà ©rez-Jean: Picatrix Un traità © de magie mà ©dià ©val. 388 p., 130 x 210 mm, 2003, Paperback ISBN 2-503-51068-X, EUR 37.91. Newest critical edition. French S. Matton, La magie arabe traditionelle, Paris, 1977 (incomplete) Latin Picatrix: The Latin Version of the Ghà ¢yat Al-Hakà ®m, ed. David Pingree (London, Warburg Institute, 1986). Spanish Abul-Casim Maslama ben Ahmad: Picatrix (El fin del sabio y el mejorRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesand implement a well-defined system of rewards and punishments to control employees. THEORY Y Employees are not inherently lazy. Given the chance, employees will do what is good for the organization. To allow employees to work in the organization s interest, managers must create a work setting that provides opportunities for workers to exercise initiative and self-direction. Managers should decentralize authority to employees and make sure employees have the resources necessary to achieve organizationalRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon

Case Case Study Prima Facie Case - 1175 Words

1. Prima Facie Case: when the evidence of a case, given by a plaintiff, is enough to prove that an employer has violated EEO laws. Plaintiff: The person in a case who is suing. Accept on Remand: to send a case back to its original court after is has appeared in appeals court. Taken from http://thelawdictionary.org/remand/ on September 20, 2014 Consent Decree: A type of affirmative action from a legal proceeding enforced by an approved settlement between the plaintiff and defendant. Just Cause: A legal provision in which the employer must prove that the termination of an employee was based on an appropriate reason, and if it can’t be proved, it will be considered â€Å"wrongful† and the employer will be entitled to either rehire or mend the wrongful termination. Vicarious Liability: A company’s responsibility for the damages caused by harassment, if the employee is in an authoritative position. Mediation: An â€Å"alternative dispute resolution† that has a mediator negotiate the disputes of the plaintiff and defendant to help them reach an agreement; the mediator does not have the authority to enforce a settlement. Arbitration: another type of â€Å"alternative dispute resolution† in which a third party acts like a judge and listens to both sides, then decides on a legally binding settlement. Punitive Damages: a type of remedy made to punish an employer who has convicted serious violations. Undue Hardship: accommodations that would require a company to extensively alterShow MoreRelatedDeontology : A Sound Ethical Theory1312 Words   |  6 Pages Deontology: A Sound Ethical Theory The study of ethical theories has been proven to be somewhat of an acrmonious and challenging matter. Cultures and societies all over the world have different ideas on what should be considered morally right and what is morally wrong. With certain bias towards right and wrong based on culture and/or upbringing, studying and fully understanding each theory with an open mind can be quite difficult. Grasping each idea and making a choice as to which theory to adoptRead MoreAn Argument Against Non Naturalism887 Words   |  4 Pageslogical to due so. An argument against Kant’s categorical imperative: Consider the case of Katie who plays soccer because she kinda likes it but mostly because her mom and dad want her to. P1 If an act must be done because one strictly intrinsically wants to, than Katie’s acts of playing soccer does not have total intrinsic worth. P2 Katie’s acts of playing soccer do have intrinsic worth. P3 It is not the case that an act mist be done for the sake of intrinsic value for it to be good. C ThereforeRead MoreCompetition Act Case2367 Words   |  10 PagesCompetition act case MONDAY, 13 SEPTEMBER 2010 CCI v SAIL: Supreme Court Gets it Right! In a telling judgement, the Supreme Court of India, on Sep. 9, 2010, has effectively and judiciously circumscribed the boundaries of exercise of power by both the Competition Commission of India (CCI/Commission) and the Competition Appellate Tribunal (â€Å"the Tribunal†) while delivering its verdict in the much awaited case  Competition Commission of India v. Steel Authority of India Ltd.  This Note captures the highlightsRead MoreEssay on week2assignment1564 Words   |  7 Pages 1. Ethics is the study of (Points : 1) propositional knowledge. right and wrong. beauty. truth. none of the above. Question 2. 2. A sound-thinking deontologist might use which statement to support a woman’s right to vote? (Points : 1) The happiness of 50% of the population being allowed to vote outweighs the pain that might come out of the other 50%. Humans are autonomous beings that inherently have the same capacities. Read MoreTutorial 2 Professional Development1089 Words   |  5 Pagesone lectures (adapted from Beemsterboer, 2010; Velasquez et al, 2009) to the case study. a. identify the ethical dilemma In the above case study the ethical dilemma is whether to give the contract to company A which is a fair option among the two or give the contract to company B because it is run by Nirmal’s friend Devraj. And the dilemma is weather to choose fairness or friendship. b. list the facts of the case - The facts to be considered to decide who should be awarded the contract Read MoreKant s Categorical Imperative For The Practice Of Modern Medicine3842 Words   |  16 Pagesto the welfare, good, happiness, needs, interests, or values of the person being coerced†. and this violates individual’s autonomy and capacity to act rationally of one’s own accord. Kant provides us with these ethical guidelines however there are cases in medicine which illustrate that a physician’s expertise allows him to see that following a patient’s autonomous decision may lead to further suffering causing the health professional to take a paternalistic course of action. This ethical problemRead MoreWould Lowering the Speed Limits on Highwasy Actually Make Driving Safer?746 Words   |  3 Pagesmost state departments stand to loose a lot of money if speed limits are raised. LLLL says, â€Å"Politicians should never set speed limits, that’s how you get speed traps. It should be done scientifically by state police or the police in areas where a study is done†. Alex Tabarrok attributes some speed limits still remaining at 55 mph is due to the state wanting to create extra revenue by writing motorist tickets. A letter from a citizen to John Carr (National Motorists blog) states, â€Å"that even thoughRead MoreHow Whistleblowing I s A Major Issue For Private Organizations1755 Words   |  8 PagesHarvard Business Review. The theory supporting this article is utilitarianism, this can be seen through the importance of doing what is best for everyone involved, not just yourself. The third theory that can be argued is the idea of W.D. Ross and his prima facia duties. The concept of whistleblowing can be a touchy subject in the professional world, but it can be a vital towards promoting a healthy and stable work environment. The ideas of W.D. Ross best support the handling of whistleblowing in theRead MoreEssay on The Judicial Process and Batson Case2728 Words   |  11 PagesThe Judicial Process and Batson Case Despite the efforts of lawyers and judges to eliminate racial discrimination in the courts, does racial bias play a part in today’s jury selection? Positive steps have been taken in past court cases to ensure fair and unbiased juries. Unfortunately, a popular strategy among lawyers is to incorporate racial bias without directing attention to their actions. They are taught to look for the unseen and to notice the unnoticed. The Supreme Court in its precedentRead MoreAn Essay Of Two Abortion Arguments1701 Words   |  7 Pages Jill Sikora Marquis v.s. Thomson (An Essay of Two Abortion Arguments) Philosophers, lawyers, theologians and others have devoted and continue to devote their lives to study of the ethics of abortion. Since abortion was legalized, the abortion debate has intensified, and does not show any signs of being resolved anytime soon. The idea’s that advocate the women’s right to abort or the proactive logic that supports the pro-life view and the fundamental identity of the baby all come in hand

The benefits of sward renewal Free Essays

Philip Creightonl, Michael O’Donovan2 and Laurence Sha11002 Grassland Science Research Department Animal ; Grassland Research and Innovation Centre Teagasc Athenry and Moorepark2 Introduction Grassland in Ireland including rough grazing accounts for over 90% of agricultural land use. Lolium perenne (Perennial ryegrass) is by far the most widely sown grass species accounting for over 95% of forage grass seed sold each year. It produces a dense sward, highly acceptable to livestock with the ability to produce high dry atter yields, especially in spring and autumn reducing the seasonality of production. We will write a custom essay sample on The benefits of sward renewal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Achieving good performance from grass is dependent on having high quality perennial ryegrass/clover swards. This paper will outline the important aspects of reseeding pasture, what’s happening at farm level, why and when reseeding should be completed, its benefits and costs. What is happening at farm level? A recent survey of a proportion of co-op suppliers from Kerry, Connaught Gold and Glanbia (Creighton et al. , 2011) found a number of significant findings from a eseeding perspective, these are listed below. i. v’. ‘x. Regular reseeding took place on 50% of participants farms, 25% reseed infrequently, 25% never reseed. Of those reseeding, 50% of participants reseed 2-4ha/year, 20% 8. 0 Soil K Index 2 3 4 Soil K ranges (mg/ 0-50 51-100 101-150 150 K application rate (kg/ha) 110 75 50 Slurry is a good option to maintain nutrient status. With the increased cost of compounds (P and K) slurry should be used in reseeding, 1000 gallons of slurry at 7% DM is equivalent to 4kg N, 3kg P and 19. 5kg K. At soil index 3, slurry (3000gals/ac) is sufficient to supply the P and K nutrients. Weed control The best time to control docks and all other weeds is after reseeding. By using a post emergence spray seedling weeds can be destroyed before they properly develop and establish root stocks. Established weeds can seriously reduce the yield potential and economic lifetime of the reseeded sward. From the survey information it is clear that only 50% of farmers are applying a post emergence spray, resulting in over 90% of surveyed farms having problems with dock infestations. To ensure that a post emergence spray can be applied reseeding should be targeted for the spring or early autumn when establishment conditions are much more suitable and the opportunity for weed control is guaranteed. The post emergence spray should be applied approximately 6 weeks after establishment Just before the first grazing takes place. With weed control it pays to be proactive, spraying when grass is at the two leaf stage works well. Grazing management of reseeded swards Care needs to be taken when grazing newly reseeded swards. The sward should be razed as soon as the new grass plants roots are strong enough to withstand grazing (root stays anchored in the ground when pulled). Early grazing is important to allow light to the base of the plant to encourage tillering. Light grazing by animals such as calves, weanlings or sheep is preferred as ground conditions may still be somewhat fragile depending on establishment method used. Grazing new reseeds with larger animals can create high levels of tiller pulling. The first grazing of a new reseed can be completed at pre grazing yields of 600-1000kg DM/ha. Frequent grazing of the reseeds at light covers ( How to cite The benefits of sward renewal, Papers

Time and Flashback free essay sample

â€Å"Knife† is told by Curtis’ point of view. The LD flashback is used twice in the story. The first flashback is on pg. 8, paragraph 3 (ex. â€Å"And the six years vaporized into nothing.†) The second flashback which brings Curtis back to the present is the first sentence of pg. 12 (ex. â€Å"I’ve told this part like a story.†) I think the flashback is used to explain the present time of the story so that the reader can get a better understanding of what Curtis’ past was when he was younger, and to explain why Curtis reacted the way he did when he met Ron in the story. I also think the author used the flashback to make the story way more interesting to read. The school Curtis goes to is in the center of the city because on pg. 5 it says, â€Å"We have the highest turn-over rate of any high school in the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Time and Flashback or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The kids learn English and figure out the locker culture and then they’re ready to move on as well.† After reading the flashback of Curtis’ past you figure out that Ron is a shape shift of Rollo the seal from his flashback (pg.8). You also learn from the flashback is that when Curtis was 11 years old his dad abandoned him with his mom. So why did Ron give the knife back to Curtis, smile and then leave (pg.12)? I think Ron did those things to get Curtis to leave his past behind him and to continue in the present, and to stop feeling guilty for killing Rollo (pg.11).

Meritocratic Explanations Of Advancement -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Meritocratic Explanations Of Academic Advancement? Answer: Introduction A multinational corporation/company is an enterprise that operates in many countries but is managed from one point, home country. A company that gets more than a quarter of its revenue from operations outside the home country is classified under MNC. Coca-Cola, BMW, and Total are among the most common MNCs globally. Through investing in other countries, MNCs have led to the growth of the host countrys economy, the flow of capital, development of infrastructure, the introduction of new technologies and creation of employment opportunities. On the other hand, MNCs have been blamed for; influencing the policies of host countries, providing poor working conditions, providing limited access to training, giving low pay and encouraging gender-based discrimination. Recently, there have been complaints concerning discrimination against women in MNCs. Therefore, this report shows how KPMG, a company that operates in more than one continent, instigates gender-based inequalities. This will entai l focusing on the economic theory of labor market discrimination, gender inequality issues faced by KPMG and impact on women. The conclusion shall summarize the report and call for action by organizations operating across borders. Economic Theory of labor market discrimination The theory of labor market discrimination investigates why particular groups in the labor market are disadvantaged. Certain characteristics such as race, gender, age or religion count a lot in labor market. For example, why do women and minority ethnic groups have poor wages and low opportunities? This theory states that discrimination is consumption good of the firms management and that firms that discriminate are those willing to pay more than the prevailing market wage (Baron, 2013, p. 24). They are also willing to pay less than the market-available talent level. This implies that firms that practice discrimination make less than those that do not condone it. Wage difference occurs because of two reasons. People from the disadvantaged group are given less for doing a particular job and all of them are crowded in a particular job resulting in low pay. Secondly, the level of unemployment is higher for particular groups compared to others. KPMG and gender discrimination in India A report by the Gender Diversity Benchmark in 2011 showed that Indian MNCs have fewest women staff. They looked at 21 leading multination companies and discovered that the country was last among 6 Asian countries analyzed. Also, the study discovered that not only did India have the lowest number of women staff, but also lost most women employees as they went along. The participation of women in the workforce in India is currently at 24.43%. This is very low compared to other countries such as China (49.79%) and Malaysia (47.35%) (Adityanath, 2015, p. 2). Although MNCs are considered to have flexible working hours and inclusive policies, judging by statistics, the number of women staff is very low. This begs the question: why are women few in MNCs? Inequality between men and women starts at education; when both of them are seeking equal opportunities in education. This is instigated by the peoples culture which seems to view men as superior to women. In India, women outperform in care-taking qualities while men impress in taking-charge qualities (Nielsen, 2016, p. 2044). This mentality is encouraged in educational institutions thus making women shy away from jobs which require them to take charge. Another reason for low participation of women in the workforce in India is because women looking for more balanced lives lack interest in entering the workforce in MNCs (Kini, 2012, p. 900). Most of them choose a happily married life and let their husbands work. Surveys show that only 4 out of 10 CEOs in India view women advancement as instrumental in their organizations (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 2). This could be because, today, most international firms in India still practice institutional sexism which holds that men are abler tha n women. Gender-discrimination in India can also be analyzed from the wage perspective. There are wage differences in male and female jobs. Men in India earn 25% more than women. This gap increased from 24.1%, in 2015, to 27.2%, in 2016 (Allen, 2012, p. 10). This proves that gender is still a strong parameter in determining salaries in India. Pay gaps in MNCs stem from choices an individual has to make in relation to education, occupation, profession, sector, working hours and size of the company. For example, a woman in India would choose to work part-time so as to fulfill her obligations as a wife back at home. The disparity in working hours translate into pay, Meaning, a man who does the same job but working for more hours will be paid more (Geva, 2011, p. 560). However, this is just one scenario of a pay gap. There are also situations where women and men may be having the same responsibilities, same working hours, same education level but different pay. Similarly, a report by National Commission for Women showed that there was a rise in sexual harassment at workplace in India. For example, in 2013, there were 249 complaints of sexual harassment at work (Eagleman, 2015, p. 234). The number of complaints doubled in 2014. All these happen despite the clear guidelines provided by the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act that seeks to protect women against sexual harassment at their workplace. The literature on gender discrimination in India is a representation of what women working in MNCs go through. This could be the reason behind India having the fewest women in the workforce. MNCs may attract them by convincing them that they have flexible working hours and offer the best chance in advancing their careers (Greenwood, 2013, p. 355). But they choose to stay at home because of sexual harassment, low pay, and mistreatment at work. Aditi Bojkar was a Chartered accountant working with KPMG in India. Allegedly, she faced sexual harassment in 2006. Sadly, the firm declined to create an internal committee, as provided in the Vishakha guidelines, to look further into the charges (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 2). Frustrated by how the company was handling this issue, she resigned. However, the company refused to accept her resignation, instead, they terminated her services. This slowed down her career growth. The company set up a committee to investigate the matter only after when the media caught wind of the issue and started doing some inquiry. The victim failed to show up before the committee claiming that the whole process was not valid since there was no employer-employee relationship.Because the issue continued to catch the attention of many people and countries, the accused, a senior partner at the firm, resigned. Despite being asked to comment on this, the firm refused to issue any statement regarding the conne ction between his resignation and the sexual harassment claims. KPMG and gender discrimination in the U.S. Most MNCs are based in the U.S. However, this does not imply that the country does not host foreign companies. For example, the number of subsidiaries of Japanese companies operating in the U.S. is on the rise (Andelic, 2011). Often, this increase is analyzed from their impact on the economy and their influence on women staff is underrated. Compared to other countries, U.S. is doing well in ensuring equality, between men and women at workplace, is achieved. For instance, equality in pay has improved drastically since 1997 when women earned 38% less compared to men (Houchins, 2015). Also, the participation of women in the workforce has increased to 60% (Green, 2011, p. 9). Although statistics from the U.S concerning the participation of women in the labor force is encouraging, there are still cases where women are discriminated or sexually abused. For example, women are still relegated office support and administrative positions like clerk typists, administrative assistants, and secretaries. Employers who practice discrimination at workplace justify their actions by stating that women lack skills to perform non-traditional and higher-paid positions. In the case where women are promoted to managerial and supervisory posts, they are prevented from attaining higher-level roles through every means, including intimidation. Also, most women in MNCs in the U.S are given work responsibilities stereotyped as female roles. Most women who fall in this category are paid less than the males in those job categories. Employers justify the reason for the pay gap by stating that women are the weaker sex unable to perform well in a business or corporate work environment (Andelic, 2011, p. 95). Moreover, they claim that men have family responsibilities hence they need to earn more than women to take care of their families. Clearly, gender discrimination at the workplace in MNCs is purely and simply based on gender and the general perception of the society that women are not as able as men. Meaning, even if the firm was in its home country, women will still be paid less than their male colleagues and have higher risks of being sexually harassed at the workplace. Donna Kassman, a former female senior manager filed a 350 million dollar class action discrimination lawsuit against KPMG in the U.S.,District Court for the Southern District of New York, 2011. She resigned from the company, after seventeen years, because of gender discrimination (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). She claimed that the company engages in systematic discrimination against its female managers,-senior managers and managing directors. The plaintiff said that the lawsuit was directed towards ending systematic gender discrimination at the company; discriminatory pay, promotion practices and policies, and failure to investigate and resolve discrimination and harassment complaints. In her statement, Kassman claimed that KMPG refused to promote her. Her supervisor repeatedly gave her false hopes that she was next in line to be promoted between 2008 and 2009 (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). It is also during the same period that two of her male colleagues complained that she was unapproachable. These claims drastically derailed her career advancement. She was advised to meet with a specialist to advise her on how she could work on her issues and the two male colleagues who forwarded complaints against Kassman were promoted (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). Kassman also recalled when her base salary was cut down by $20,000 when she was on maternity leave. The company gave no reasons for slashing her salary. When she enquired further, her supervisor told her that she did not need that amount because she had a nice engagement ring. This shows how KPMG tolerates and perpetuates gender discrimination. In October.2010, Kassman resigned because she could no longer tolerate the discrimination and harassment anymore (Wittels Heisler, 2011, p. 3). Plus, it was so clear that KPMG had no intentions of addressing the situation. In October 2015, 9,000 more women joined the class lawsuit against KPMG law firm, Sanford Heisler, on behalf of Donna Kassman. Her complaints were amended in 2012 to accommodate the additional plaintiffs. 900 of these women have signed to be part f the suit by the end of 2014.Those that had not made this request had until 31st January 2015, to do so. In their response, KPMG stated that they did not intend to comment on the ongoing litigation. However, they said that they have reviewed all complaints brought forward against them and found them unsupported by facts. Additionally, the company insisted that, in line with their vision and mission statements, they are committed to the advancement of women and addressing the challenges women go through in their workplaces. One explanation for gender discrimination by MNCs is traditional notions that men are more capable than women hence they work more resulting to them being paid more. In the case of Donna Kassman, former senior manager at KPMG, U.S firm, she realized that she was being paid less than her male colleagues. Her salary was cut down without explanation or provocation while she was on a maternity leave. When she enquired from her supervisor, he told her she did not need that much money judging from her engagement ring. Meaning women are paid less and the society does not expect them to complain since they have men to take care of them (Hyde, 2014, p. 375). Her not being consulted about a salary cut shows how much MNCs does not value womens opinions, even on issues that concern them directly and could affect their lifestyle. The theory of labor market discrimination states that wage difference occurs where a particularly disadvantaged group may be crowded in one job. However, the findings of this study point to a different direction regarding wage difference; women are paid less because they are women, not because they are many in the same job (Willstrop, 2015, p. 3) .For example, KPMG has very few women in leadership positions, yet they pay them less compared to their male counterparts. Also, the findings of this study show that MNCs are more concerned about their image to the external publics than internal publics. For example, in Bojkars case, the company was silent on addressing her sexual harassment complaints. In fact, no inquiry committee was set up to look into the matter. However, when the media started covering the story, KPMG set up an inquiry committee. Clearly, they did not want to look bad to the external publics who love and support companies that respect and protect their employees regardless of race, gender and class. Impact of Gender Inequalities practiced by MNCs According to statistics, 68% of women believe that discrimination at work, based on gender, still exists (Tienari, 2014, p. 435). Despite the protections put forward by the government such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 in the U.S., gender discrimination still exists, probably more rampant than it did 10 years ago (Madhani, 2014, p. 36). In this section, we shall discuss what has been written on the effects of gender discrimination by MNCs. Gender discrimination leads to lost productivity. Those who have been discriminated lose the morale and energy to carry out their responsibilities (Naude, 2013, p. 20). Among things that could lead to the individual losing morale are; pranks offensive jokes about the persons gender or implying that the persons performance is sub-par because of her gender. Similarly, discrimination based on gender can make supervisors deny passing a person over for promotion by virtue of that person being female (Elo, 2015, p. 26). Admittedly, this happens to both genders; however, women experience it more often than their male colleagues. This is because of preconceived perceptions on their roles and responsibilities in the society. For example, most supervisors recommend men working in industries for promotion. The woman who has been discriminated may feel some form of strong resentment towards the culprit or the company. Thus, she may resort to wanting to destroy those who mistreated her (Andelic, 2011, p. 97). This manifests itself in form of violent behavior towards other, destruction of property or spreading malicious lies about the company that could end up destroying the companys image to a point of no-return. The law prohibits any form of gender discrimination at the workplace. This also applies to MNCs in host countries. They have to respect and protect their women staff (Randall Leavy, 2014, p. 35). Respect and protection mean equal pay, fair treatment, and no harassment. Unfortunately, most MNCs discriminate women based on gender (Rumens, 2016, p. 117). Some victims are lucky to receive compensation after filing complaints, but they constitute a very small percentage. Many culprits walk away free and their careers continue to flourish while their victims wallow in sadness and depression. Conclusion The purpose of this report was to provide the role of Multinational Companies (MNCs) in creating gender-based inequalities like wage gap, discrimination and workplace sexual abuse. Gender inequalities are among organizational issues in a global context. KPMG Company is a multinational organization with branches in India and U.S. It was used as a case study in this report and it helped in concluding that MNCs create and encourage gender-based discrimination by not taking action when their female employees complain of discrimination or sexual harassment. Although the constitution has pledged to protect and empower women, the latter continues to live in bondage in her own country because the society is not willing to change its position on her place in this world. 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